Chronic Kidney Disease free essay sample

Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal

FDR (Franklin D. Roosevelt) occupied with a program that was alluded to as the New Deal. As indicated by the program, the national government would take more jobs in order to improve the citizen’s monetary government assistance. The monetary framework was uncommonly poor when Roosevelt turned into the president in 1933.Advertising We will compose a custom paper test on Franklin D. Roosevelt’s New Deal explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More A lion's share of the state governments had taken a financial occasion, which planned for keeping contributors from annihilating the financial organizations. The banks would be demolished if investors pulled back the entirety of their money. Roosevelt gave all financial establishments four days for occasion. Therefore, Roosevelt compelled the Congress and acquired an enactment for reviving the banks. The government guaranteed that all banks were sound for reviving. A short time later, there were a few financial changes . The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation permitted stores to be safeguarded. As indicated by the New Deal, a bigger percent of the national government assets would be utilized to pay every single poor resident. Awards, rather than advances, would be given to the poor residents. Various tale offices were started to guarantee that the jobless profited by government-supported employments. The WPA (Works Progress Administration) started uncommon ventures, which extended employment opportunities to the untalented and gifted residents. Individuals prepared as artists, on-screen characters, craftsmen, and scholars profited by such work. The PWA (Public Works Administration) started tasks, for example, development of dams, sports focuses, and thruways. The youngsters profited by preservation ventures since they were utilized by the CCC (Civilian Conservation Corps). As I would see it, photos and works of art are not just an account of the past. In actuality, they are molded and created d epictions, which detail the past. Dorothea Lange’s photographs were developed to give various stories. The photos upheld for compassion toward every single destitute individuals. Dorothea was an eminent narrative picture taker in America. Especially, she was very mainstream for the Great Depression accounts and the photos including transitory ranch representatives. She made photos for the FSA (Farm Security Administration), which were evaluating the homestead worker’s everyday environments in California. A larger part of the workers had relocated toward the west as a break methodology from the Dust Bowl.Advertising Looking for article on history? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Dorothea took photos, which portrayed the downturn in human lives. In 1934, Dorothea had the primary show. It showed different issues, which were confronting the administration. These included breadline beneficiaries, work pioneers, str ike rallies, and political showings. In the wake of introducing her photos during the show, Dorothea found a new line of work with the New Deal Administration. The photos were used as images of the White Angel Breadline transient, which happened in 1933 in San Francisco. Dorothea conveyed the dire requirement for government activity to support the down and out Americans. 1939 was proclaimed the time of a novel beginning. The Florence Owens Thompson grouping of photos had an image of a transient mother. In addition, the arrangement indicated an oppressed Californian pea picker. In another photo, there was a transitory cotton picker from Mexico who was matured ten years. In the image, the kid was taking a shot at the family vehicle and couldn't go to class. As indicated by him, the dad never permitted him to go to class since he should pick cotton. The kid picked roughly twenty five pounds of cotton each day. As I would see it, this was youngster work. Fundamentally, Dorothea’s photographs and Roosevelt New Deal had a shared objective; battling for the privileges of the oppressed Americans. This paper on Franklin D. Roosevelt’s New Deal was composed and put together by client Sidney Frederick to help you with your own investigations. You are allowed to utilize it for research and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; be that as it may, you should refer to it as needs be. You can give your paper here.

Participating Japan in Trans Pacific Partnership

Participating Japan in Trans Pacific Partnership Trans Pacific Partnership Mar 26, 2018 in Case Studies Introduction The proclamation of the Japanese Authority on delaying the 2011 resolution to whether to be part of the suggested Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement (TPP) can be understood under consideration of the disaster that happened at Tohoku part of Japan. It is understandable that Japanese Government had to focus on the rebuilding of the nuclear plants. Nevertheless, the TPP members still believed that, despite the tragedy that had incapacitated Japan, it could at least make fundamental agreement with the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation. The Japanese participation in TPP is of immense significance for the TPP considering the economic power and the impact Japan has in the region of Asia Pacific. To this end, Japanese participation in TPP will enhance the Japan-US trade relationship by offering a platform for resolving their long standing issues related to economic competition. This participation will also involve economic giants that represent more than 36% of the world GDP in the trade re lationship in a dynamic region (Surhone). Importance of Japanese Participation in TPP The early commitment of Japan to the TPP would be a crucial short-term indication to the entire world that Japanese are open to do business. On the other hand, in the long-term, the Japanese participation in TPP would be a terrific boost to its economic development and recovery that would usher in economic reorganization in key zones making the economy be much more dynamic and make Japan an attractive investment ground. Considering the international concern on radiation pollution of Japanese products, scientific standards will offer protection against biased discrimination. Consequently, the USJBC has offered a lot of support for the Japanese participation in TPP on condition that Japan is ready to abide to the terms and condition stipulated by TPP partners. The present TPP partners have agreed to get into an agreement so as to attain the century agreement on trade that is comprehensive in coverage and scope of agriculture. The 21st century agreement is inclusive in its commitment to the standards for investment and trade liberalization that entails tariff beyond the regional barrier that tends to inhabit trade activities (Commission).

Animal Behavior - Advantages of Playing Dead

An Analysis of Joyce Carol Oates’ Where Are You Going,...

An Analysis of Joyce Carol Oates’ Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been Joyce Carol Oates is one of the most productive writers of our time. Between 1971-95, Oates published twenty-five novels, eighteen short story compilations, three collections of novellas, five volumes of poetry, six editions of plays, eight books of essays, and countless more umcollected works (Kellman 487). As the format for her writing varies, so does her subject matter. Her creations cover a wide range of genres, but Oates main fascination is contemporary America with its colliding social and economic forces, its philosophical contradictions, its wayward, often violent energies (Johnson 8). Oates works, and somethimes even Oates herself, have been†¦show more content†¦Some detractors argue that there is enough violence in life; literature does not need to celebrate it. People do not like to be reminded of what disturbs them, but elimination of that violence will not occur if it is just ignored. While many reviewers concentrate on the violence in her writings, others choose to interpret the stories in other ways. Oates works are the focus of criticisms and interpretations that are sometimes on point and sometimes far off in left field. The aformentioned 1966 short story, Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?, has received the mainstay of criticism and misinterpretation. This is the story of Connie, a fifteen-year-old girl in the throes of adolescence, who becomes the victim of a rapist and possible murderer. The meaning behind the story has been a subject of continuing debate. Some critics have taken this story and spun it into a tragically beautiful allegory of a young girl growing up to the harsh realities of the world and not the horror of the rape and murder of an actual young woman. Oates herself has described this story as realistic allegory (Kellman par. 2), and, in that description, I have foumd a two-fold explanation for the writing of Connie and her story: (a) a figuartive commentary on a young woman maturing, and (b) the often overlooked, but more important, literal translation addressing the pressing issue of rape in todays culture. WhenShow MoreRelatedAnalysis of Joyce Carol Oates Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?1068 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Joyce Carol Oates Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been? explores the consequences that a young girl, Connie, must deal with after garnering unwanted attention through her flirtatious behavior and attitude. Throughout the course of the story, Connie demonstrates that she puts her desires above those of others without regard for the reputation she creates for herself or for how her perception of others results in a negative perception of herself. In Where Are You Going, Where Have You BeenRead MoreShort Story Analysis: Where Are You Going Where Have You Been? by Joyce Carol Oates1375 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been? Introduction Joyce Carol Oatess short story Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been? was first published in the literary journal Epoch in 1966. The story is about beginnings and the rites of passage. This work is an illustration of a coming of age story, also known as an initiation story. In such stories, the protagonist undergoes an important rite of passage, transformation, an experience of transition, usually from childhood to adulthood, or fromRead MoreAnalysis of â€Å"Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?† Essay1018 Words   |  5 PagesEnglish Comp II 30 April 2011 Analysis of â€Å"Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?† by Joyce Carol Oates In 1966, Joyce Carol Oates published her short story â€Å"Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?†. Oates was inspired to write this story after reading about a serial killer that was referred to as â€Å"The Pied Piper of Tucson†. Oates was disturbed by the number of teenagers that this killer was able to persuade to help him and keep his secrets (Oates 1). Oates uses irony, imagery, and symbolismRead MoreThe Journey to Adulthood in Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been by Joyce Carol Oates1119 Words   |  5 Pages â€Å"Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?† Analysis In the American society, when individuals reach adolescence, they begin to search for their identity by exploring their interests and opening their mind to new notions and ideas. This is the psychological and physical human development that ultimately leads them to their adulthood. Joyce Carol Oates short story depicts a fifteen year old girl with typical teenage concerns. She has to face the realization of the meaning of maturity in the AmericanRead MoreSummary Of Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?854 Words   |  4 Pagesbecause had Connie and her mother communicated better, Connie, who is still a child, would have be protected from the evil of the world. Barstow also points out that the modern American is unable to distinguish evil from good. Evaluation: This article is useful to me because Barstow effectively shows the theme of loss innocence by using thorough examples to show Connie’s carelessness. Barstow seems to enjoy Oates’ use of childish aspirations, violence, and suspense and relates most of her main pointsRead MoreJoyce Carol Oates Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?651 Words   |  3 PagesJoyce Carol Oates Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been? Every person comes face to face at some point in life with vital decisions. Some of the decisions are minor ones, while others can bring turning points in life. In Joyce Carol Oates Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been? she displays a particular instant in the main characters life. This character, Connie was caught in the difficult transition from her youth and innocence to a doubtful future. Throughout the story Connie alternatesRead MoreWhere Are You Going, Where Have You Been By Joyce Carol Oates990 Words   |  4 PagesSocial Reality: An Analysis of â€Å"Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been† by Joyce Carol Oates Joyce Carol Oates has kept her true inspiration behind â€Å"Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been† in order to create a willing suspension of disbelief between realism and fantasy. The short story by Oates was released soon after the newspaper published the murders committed by Charles Schmid Jr. in 1966. The story displays numerous resembling details that match the real-life murder case involving â€Å"TheRead MoreEssay about Oates Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been1290 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been,† written by Joyce Carol Oates is an unsettling and incredibly formidable story of a young woman’s loss of innocence during a time of social change and turbulent times. The story’s protagonist is Connie, a self-absorbed, yet beautiful fifteen year old girl, who not only is at odds with her family but also the conservative values handed down by her family. She, unknowing to her parents, spends her evenings explo ring her independence and individuality as wellRead MoreWhere Are You Going, Where Have You Been?723 Words   |  3 PagesPsycho, Demon, Dreams, Oh My! â€Å"Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?† by Joyce Carol Oates is a short story about a 15-year old girl named Connie that falls in the trap of Arnold Friend. There are many interpretations to this short story, and many arguments have fought back and forth to find out the true inside meaning to find out what the reason was for Joyce Carol Oates to write this story. There are hundreds of analyses for this story out there, but I am going to just be talking about three;Read More Criticisms of Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been? By Joyce Oates1950 Words   |  8 Pages A short story by Joyce Carol Oates called â€Å"Where are you going, where have you been?† reflects the writer’s point of view of the way society looked to women in the sixties. The story takes place in the 1960’s when almost everything reached a turning point at that time. It talks about a teenager who wanted boys’ attention, but she ended up leaving her family house with a stranger. Connie represented most teenage girls, and their destiny at that time. The story can be looked at from many different

Succubus on Top CHAPTER 19 Free Essays

The dealer’s house sat away from the road, just like all sinister houses should, I suppose. My biased perceptions aside, there was actually little else about the house that was all that creepy. It was big and expensive-looking, spreading out lazily on beautifully manicured lawns, visible to me even at night. We will write a custom essay sample on Succubus on Top CHAPTER 19 or any similar topic only for you Order Now In a region where yards were at a premium, that much land signified a great deal of money. Unlike Bastien’s place, this house had no similarly well-to-do neighbors. This house was in a class of its own; it could not be part of a mere suburban neighborhood. â€Å"Where are we?† I asked, because it seemed like the kind of naive, starry-eyed question I should be asking. Alec had met me downtown and then driven me out to this place in his own car. We were about twenty minutes outside the city. â€Å"This is where the guy lives,† he told me happily. His mood improved as we got closer to the house. â€Å"He’ll hook you up.† The car followed the long, sinuous driveway and came to a stop by the garage. In an oddly chivalrous way, he opened the car door for me and gestured that I follow him inside. Glancing back at his beat-up Ford Topaz, I couldn’t help thinking that being an immortal drug lord’s lackey should pay better. Alec led us through a side door in the house, and even I was taken aback at what I found inside. The first word that came to mind was lush. And not the drunk kind either. I meant in the opulent sense, the kind of lush you sink your teeth into. The walls, floor, and ceilings consisted of gleaming dark hardwood, almost like we were inside a lodge – say, a lodge that cost seven figures. Beams of that beautiful wood crisscrossed the open, cathedral ceiling. Jewel-toned oil paintings in gilt frames hung on the walls, and I had enough of a sense for the value of art to recognize they had not come from Bed Bath Beyond. We crossed out of the foyer and found more of the same in a large living room. Its focal point was an enormous fireplace whose brick faà §ade stretched to the ceiling. A multicolored stained-glass landscape hung above the fireplace’s opening, and flames from the roaring fire – along with several strategically placed candles – cast the only light in the room. Nothing electrical. In that dim, flickering lighting, I sensed the man before I saw him. The same unfamiliar immortal signature from the concert carried to me, coupled with something else. This close to him, I noticed how much he felt like the crystals. Or rather, how much the crystals felt like him, as if they were pale, fractured versions of the masterpiece. The whole vibe from him felt weird but not quite as discordant as the crystals themselves had. â€Å"Alec,† said a creamy voice, â€Å"who is your lovely friend?† The man unfolded from the couch, standing in one fluid motion. I now saw the same features as before: flawless tanned skin, long black hair, high cheekbones. He also wore the same hot Victorian couture, complete with another of those gorgeous silk shirts that billowed around his arms and showed smooth skin through the V-neck. â€Å"This is Georgina,† said Alec, voice quaking with nervousness and excitement. â€Å"Just like I said.† The man glided to us and took my hand in both of his. â€Å"Georgina. A beautiful name for a beautiful woman.† He drew my hand to his lips – which were full and pink – and kissed my skin. He held my hand a moment, letting his dark eyes bore into mine, and then he slowly straightened up and released me. â€Å"My name is Sol.† I turned off all my impulses to make snappy jokes and/or maul this guy, instead opting for stunned innocence mingled with a little fear. â€Å"H-hello.† I swallowed nervously and looked down at my feet. â€Å"You’ve done well,† Sol told Alec. â€Å"Very well.† I didn’t have to see Alec to tell he was practically melting with relief. â€Å"So†¦does that mean†¦I can, you know†¦?† â€Å"Yes, yes.† Unless I was mistaken, a slight note of irritation underscored that pleasant voice. â€Å"Afterward. Go upstairs now. I’ll summon you when I’m ready. â€Å" Alec started to leave, and I grabbed his sleeve, still playing frightened maiden. â€Å"Wait – where are you going?† He smiled at me. â€Å"I’ll be right back. It’s okay. You wanted more, right? Sol’s going to get it for you.† I must have truly looked terrified because he squeezed my arm reassuringly. â€Å"It’s okay. Really.† I bit my lip and gave him a hesitant nod. His eyes held mine for a moment, and something very like regret flickered across them. Then he left. â€Å"Come sit with me,† intoned Sol, taking my hand again. He led me to a sumptuous couch by the fire. Warmth from that orange glow spilled over me, and the flames were reflected in his dark eyes. I sat down gingerly, scooting back because the cushions were so big. We sat there quietly. He smiled expectantly, and I gave him a faltering smile back. â€Å"Alec said you could give me more†¦you know†¦of that stuff.† â€Å"You enjoyed it then?† â€Å"Yes. Oh yes. It made me feel†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Immortal?† â€Å"Y-yes, that’s it. Please. I need more. I can pay you†¦whatever you want.† He waved a hand carelessly. â€Å"We’ll discuss such mundane matters later. For now, let’s see if we can’t satiate your hunger.† He leaned over to a small table and lifted up two goblets. Goblets. How quaint. â€Å"This should tide you over until we can arrange a larger batch.† I took the cup from him. It felt heavy, like gold. Nothing but the best if you were going to drink the food of the gods, I thought. They held a dark red liquid. If the crystals felt like a weak approximation of Sol, the aura radiating off of this cup felt like mega-Sol. It was intense and strong, making the vibe from the crystals seem like a total nonevent. Maybe that was what happened when ambrosia liquefied. I realized then he’d been waiting for me while I pondered. â€Å"Drink up.† I hesitated, not having to feign apprehension this time. Drink up? What should I do? If I didn’t drink, my cover might be blown, and I still hadn’t had â€Å"provocation† to smite this bastard or whatever one did to someone with a dart-arrowhead-thing. Carter and Jerome had said ambrosia wouldn’t hurt an immortal; they’d even said an immortal could resist its nasty effects to a certain extent, much longer than humans. That didn’t necessarily make me feel better, though. I preferred to be in my normal range of skills to deal with this, but it looked like I didn’t have that luxury. I couldn’t delay any longer. Smiling shyly, I brought the cup to my lips and drank. He did the same. Who could tell? Maybe personality amplification would help me out here. Maybe I had a secret Amazonian alter ego lurking within me who was dying to jump out via the ambrosia and bludgeon this guy with a goblet. Once Sol started drinking, he didn’t stop. He tipped the cup back until he’d consumed it all. I followed suit. The stuff really didn’t taste so bad. In fact, it tasted sweet, almost sickeningly so. Weirdest of all was its consistency. Thick. Almost viscous. â€Å"There,† he said, taking my empty cup. â€Å"You’ll feel better soon, and then we can talk reasonably.† He shifted into a more comfortable position, long legs stretched out and relaxed. He had a slim build and delicate features. His narrow fingers wound one of his black curls around it. â€Å"Tell me about yourself, Georgina. What do you do?† â€Å"I, uh, work in a bookstore.† â€Å"Ah, you’re a reader then.† â€Å"I try to be.† He inclined his head toward a wall covered in books. â€Å"I’m a reader myself. There’s no greater pursuit than improving one’s mind. â€Å" He started talking to me about some of his favorite books, and I smiled and commented as appropriate. As we talked, I began to feel†¦well, for lack of a more descriptive term, good. Really good. Almost like I was buzzed from an excellent liqueur. My limbs tingled a little, and a warm sense of euphoria burned through me. I heard myself laughing at one of his jokes. I almost sounded genuine. â€Å"You’re very beautiful,† he suddenly said, and I wondered when he’d moved so close to me. I had to blink to stay focused. The room spun slightly, and my hands and feet kept delaying in obeying my orders. Sol reached out and touched my cheek, trailing those graceful fingers down my neck. â€Å"Your beauty is a gift.† I tried to move, mainly to see if I could actually manage it, not to avoid his touch. Honestly, his touch was pleasant – extremely pleasant. It made my pulse pick up a little. I could, I soon discovered, still move. I was just a little sluggish. â€Å"Shhh,† he crooned, placing a restraining hand on my wrist. â€Å"Don’t be afraid. Everything will be all right.† â€Å"W-what are you doing?† He had an arm around my waist now and was moving his mouth toward the spot where my neck met my shoulder. His lips, when they touched flesh, were warm and full of promise. I trembled a little under that kiss and tried to figure out what was going on here. The short answer, obviously, was that something had gone wrong. I felt dizzy and disoriented enough to be at a frat party over at U.W. On top of that, this immortal – this strange immortal I barely knew – suddenly seemed more alluring than I’d imagined possible. Hadn’t I come here to kick his ass? Why was I making out with him? Was this what ambrosia did to me? Were these my core traits – the power to get buzzed and take pleasure in sex? To become even easier than I already was? His hands moved down and unbuttoned my shirt so they could slide down and cup my breasts, which were just barely covered by the black mesh bra I’d bought with Dana. He kissed me directly now, his mouth pressing against mine. As his tongue delicately slipped between my lips, I tasted a sweetness akin to the ambrosia. Bottom line: it needs to be self-defense. So Carter had said, but suddenly I didn’t really need much defending – unless it was from myself. My own hands were moving without my conscious knowledge to unfasten his pants, and our bodies were becoming entwined together on the soft cushions. Self-defense. Self-defense. Why self-defense? What was I forgetting here? Ah, of course. The dart. I pushed through the red haze muddling my senses, forcing clarity. The dart. The dart would stop Sol somehow, stop him from continuing to spread the poison of ambrosia. It would stop him from hurting people†¦like Doug. I battled through my disorientation and pulled my mouth away from Sol’s, attempting to squirm the rest of the way out of his grasp. I won a little room but not much. He was still close. â€Å"No†¦Ã¢â‚¬  I gasped out. â€Å"Don’t do this. Stop.† Sol, regarding me with surprised amusement, shushed me. â€Å"You don’t know what you’re saying.† â€Å"I do. Stop.† I wriggled one arm free, one arm that then snaked to the pocket containing Carter’s pouch. I needed the other arm free too, but Sol was holding it. Looking down, I suddenly saw that his wrist was bleeding. How had that happened? I hadn’t caused it. â€Å"Georgina, you are about to be honored above all mortal women. Lay back. Stop struggling. No harm will come to you. You will enjoy this night, I promise.† He moved his mouth back to mine, and again that blazing euphoria swelled within me. A traitorous moan of pleasure caught in my throat. Taking this as submission, Sol’s grip on my restrained arm lessened, and I shifted it away just enough that both of my hands now touched the pouch. Yet, it was a hard battle. My motor control still wasn’t all it should be. Kissing him, in that moment, seemed much more important than some silly pouch. My mind didn’t want to focus on anything else. But I forced it to. Through sheer strength of will, I pushed the physical pleasure out of my head and instead replayed every consequence of the ambrosia I’d seen: Casey’s devastation, Doug’s wild swings from darkly frenetic exuberance to even darker depression, and finally his limp body in the hospital. Mortals are fragile things. Very fragile. And Sol played with them as if they were nothing. The smoldering coal of my anger began to burn again. He’s a stronger immortal than you. Preying on you – especially when you belong to Jerome, so to speak – is a big no-no. You would be justified in protecting yourself. Again, I pulled my mouth away. â€Å"Stop,† I said again more firmly. â€Å"I want you to stop. Stop doing this.† â€Å"I’m not going to stop,† Sol snapped. Anger marred his honeyed tone. His breath was heavy, and his chest heaved with exertion. He – or I – had removed his shirt, and I had a perfect view of that unprotected skin. â€Å"I’m not going to stop, and believe me, once I start, you won’t want me to stop either.† My fingers moved to open the pouch; the other hand slowly readied itself to reach inside. The ambrosia in my system dulled my reflexes, but I kept battling through it and sized up where in his chest his heart would be. â€Å"I’ve asked you three times to stop. Once should have been enough. No means no.† â€Å"No means nothing from someone like you.† He laughed a little, still not taking me seriously. â€Å"What’s wrong with you? I thought you wanted to be immortal.† My hand was inside the pouch, pulling the dart out. Sol and I both felt its power at the same time, just as he realized what I was. His eyes widened, but I didn’t give him time to react. I didn’t think or falter. Just as Carter had ordered, I simply took action – well, with a cheesy punch line, of course. â€Å"Been there, done that,† I said, slamming the dart into his heart. For half a beat, Sol froze, unable to believe this was happening. And that’s when things got messy. How to cite Succubus on Top CHAPTER 19, Essay examples

Model of the social contract

Socrates and the Third Argument on Social Contract In the argument on social contract, Plato presents a model of the social contract that ties the citizen to the law. However, we ought to take care when comparing the Socratic social contract concept with the modern concept of the social contract as perceived by Hobbes and Rousseau. In Rousseau’s concept, the state is an absolute outcome of the common will of the citizens.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Model of the social contract specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As such, the social contract is an arrangement among citizens to exist collectively under set laws. Plato, on the other hand, believes that the contract is between a specific native of the state and the law. Plato views the law as an actual entity while Rousseau sees it as an abstract construction designed for the people by the people. Plato’s representation of the state (law) a s an entity is creativity that generates an imagination of the meaning that Socrates conveys. The representation is meant to elicit a favorable mood for ethical contemplation. In this contract, the citizen pledges to submit to the law and to stand by the determinations of its courts. This is intended to maintain order and peace in the state. However, in portraying the law as directives that have to be observed, Plato shows the law as authoritarian. Plato’s theory, which equates the law to parents in a status of great authority, depicts them as dictators. Though the law can be coaxed into change, the citizens are meant to obey the law at all times. Socrates’ social contract argument implies that if one enjoys the advantages of citizenship, then he vows to obey the law of the state. A problem arises when a noncitizen breaks the law. Applying the principles of Plato’s theory becomes complicated as the person is not bound by the contract. The First Cause Developed b y Saint Thomas Aquinas, the first cause argument is based on the principle of sufficient reason, which we use each day in science and normal thinking processes. When we encounter something new we naturally try to establish its cause. If it appears that there is no physical cause, we often consider a psychological cause and ultimately resort to a supernatural explanation. Eventually, we discover that the world is made up of a chain of causes with one cause linked to the next.Advertising Looking for critical writing on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Human existence, for example, can be traced back to billions of causes all the way from the big bang theory to the progression of the protein molecule. The main concern here is the cause of the universe in its entirety and not the causes of its components. There is a cause that precedes all the causes. To deny such a cause means a retreat down the chain of causes including the denial of the doubter’s own existence. If we stick to the chain of causes and concede that indeed an uncaused cause exists, then there is a perpetual and necessary being who is the supreme cause. According to Aquinas, that uncaused necessary being can only be God. Some philosophers refute this argument on the basis of contradiction. They argue that the first premise implies causality in everything that exists, but the conclusion infers that there is something uncaused (God). To avoid such contradiction, the first premise can be changed to say that everything in motion has a cause or everything contingent has a cause. God is neither in motion nor contingent. A Sound Argument for the Existence of God: Argument to Design This is a teleological argument for the existence of God. According to this argument, the design (order) that exists in the world is proof for the presence of a gifted designer. This designer is in most cases identified as God. One of the classic proponents of this school is William Paley. Paley likens the intricacy of living things to the subordinate intricacy possessed by a watch, which we know is designed by a gifted being. According to Paley, living things cannot be without a maker in the same way a watch cannot exist minus a watchmaker. The argument from design asserts that the universe is specially designed for human occupancy. It also states that there are various ways in which the universe could have existed such as having altered laws of physics from the ones we know. The universe could have possessed a different planetary arrangement or even began with a bigger or smaller ‘big bang’ than it did. It could have occurred in a way that could not support life. The fact that the universe exists the way it does enables its inhabitation. The precision in design of the universe is a sign of a master planner at work.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Model of the social contract s pecifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The design argument is of extensive and persistent appeal. Theists appreciate that order and beauty are works of deliberate and intelligent design. Arguments supporting design are made to defend this notion and convince the atheists that it is the most reasonable argument for the existence of a supreme being. Though these arguments exist in various forms, their underlying principle is that the order we see is deliberately caused by an intelligent designer. Cartesian Dualism Dualism is the perspective on the body-mind problem, which proposes that the mental and the physical are real and distinct. In her correspondence to Descartes, Elisabeth of Bohemia sought clarification on how the material extended nature of the body could interact with the immaterial and (un-extended) mind. Descartes proposed a mechanistic interpretation of the material. He argued that though the body and mind are distinct, they stil l interact. Elisabeth wanted to know the exact nature of the interaction between the extended body and the un-extended mind. Since the immaterial mind is not extended, it cannot have direct interaction with the body. Descartes asserts that the place where this interaction takes place is the pineal gland (‘the seat of the soul’) in the human brain. In his view, this is the only component of the body that is not a duplicate. Descartes postulates that the brain collects neural signals from different body regions, which it sends to the mind. For instance, a signal of pain felt in the stomach is sent to the brain. It is imperative to note that (in the Cartesian view) the brain and the mind are not synonymous. Part of the duty of the brain (specifically the pineal gland) is to link the body to the mind. However, due to its physical extended nature the brain is not the mind. Unlike the body that is physical and reducible, the mind cannot be reduced.Advertising Looking for critical writing on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The Cartesian view remains the most appropriate response to the dualistic nature of the body-mind problem since it makes a deliberate attempt to link the body and mind. Though Descartes recognizes the independent nature of the body and the mind, he still sees the need for their interaction as they both belong to the same individual. Emergent Materialism In evolutionary theory, emergent materialism is the growth of a system that cannot be projected or justified from antecedent forms. Generally, materialists refute the existence of the mind as a unit superior to physical existence. They maintain that feelings, impressions and ideas are produced by processes in the physical brain. Emergent materialism is a physically inclined theory that proclaims the mind as an irreducible element. The theory asserts that the study of mental occurrences is not dependent upon other sciences. In agreement with other varieties of non-reductive physicalism, emergent materialism is criticized for attemptin g to ‘have its cake and eat it.’ According to this view, there is an actual distinction between a conscious (rational) human and a simply physical or purely biological entity. To emergent materialists, a purely biological or physical account of human nature is a blind undertaking. Despite the fact that human beings are constituted of purely physical and biological components, reflection and deliberate activity make up new forms of composition of these physical constituents. This is done in accordance to a new and definite level of laws. In brief, human beings are not merely physical or biological objects as their mental processes are governed by psychological principles. An emergent property is dependent upon some fundamental properties of the object, and it can have no independent existence away from the object. However, the emergent proponents postulate a degree of independence in a way that the new forms are not reducible to their antecedents. This linkage between bo dy and mind makes emergent materialism the most applicable school of physicalism. This critical writing on Model of the social contract was written and submitted by user Madison Sargent to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Tips That Will Help You Spell Better in German

Tips That Will Help You Spell Better in German One wonderful thing about German spelling is that you basically spell how you hear the word. There are not many exceptions. The only trick is that you need to learn and understand the sounds of German letters, dipthongs, and disgraphs, some which are completely different from English pronounciation. (See The German Alphabet.)The following tips highlight in particular spelling traits of German consonants and digraphs, which once understood, will help you spell better in German. Generalities About German Consonants Usually after a short vowel sound, you will find a consonant digraph or a double consonant - die Kiste (box), die Mutter (mother). Be aware of similar-sounding consonants at the end of words, such as p or b, t or d, k or g. One good way to decipher which consonant is the correct one, is to extend the word if possible. For example das Rad (wheel, short form for bicycle)- die Rder; das Bad (bath) - die Badewanne. It will become clear then, which consonant is at the end of the word. When there is a b or p in the middle of a word, it is more difficult to distinguish them from one another. There is no hard and fast rule here. The best solution is to take note of which words contain b and which contain p. (Die Erbse/pea, das Obst/fruit, der Papst/the Pope). The Sound F f, v and ph A syllable that contains an nf sound, will always be written with an f. For example: die Auskunft (information), die Herkunft (origin), der Senf (mustard) Fer versus ver: The only words in German that begin with Fer are: fern (far), fertig (finished), Ferien (vacation), Ferkel (piglet), Ferse (heel). Any words derived from these words will also be written with Fer. -der Fernseher (t.v) The syllable for followed by a vowel does not exist in German, only vor. - Vorsicht (caution). The disgraph ph comes only in German words of foreign origin. (Das Alphabet, die Philosophie, die Strophe/ verse.) When encountering a word that has the sound phon, phot or graph, then the choice is yours to either write it with f or with ph -der Photograph or der Fotograf. The S and Double-S Sound See more... The X-Sound chs: wachsen (to grow), sechs (six), die BÃ ¼chse (a can), der Fuchs (fox),der Ochse (ox). cks: der Mucks (sound), der Klecks (stain), knicksen (to curtsy). gs: unterwegs (on the way). ks: der Keks (cookie) x: die Hexe (witch), das Taxi, der Axt (axe) unterwegs der Weg die Wege The Z-Sound In German words, the letter z will either be written as the only sole consonant in a syllable or accompanied with a t. (besitzen/ to possess; der Zug/ train; die Katze/cat. In German words of foreign origin, you can find a double z, such as in the ever so popular word Pizza.The K Sound K-sound. The k-sound is always written as either ck or k, the former the most prevalent. No double cc and double kk exist in German words, except in those of foreign origin, such as die Yucca.

Operational Definition of Behavior in a School Setting

Operational Definition of Behavior in a School Setting   An operational definition of behavior is a tool for understanding and managing behaviors in a school setting. It is an explicit definition that makes it possible for two or more disinterested observers to identify the same behavior when observed, even when it occurs in very different settings. Operational definitions of behavior are vital to defining a target behavior for both a  Functional Behavior Analysis  (FBA) and a  Behavior Intervention Program  (BIP). While operational definitions of behavior can be used to describe personal behaviors, they can also be used to describe academic behaviors. To do this, the teacher defines the academic behavior the child should exhibit. Why Operational Definitions Are Important It can be very difficult to describe a behavior without being subjective or personal. Teachers have their own perspectives and expectations which can, even inadvertently, become part of a description. For example, Johnny should have known how to line up, but instead chose to run around the room, assumes that Johnny had the capacity to learn and generalize the rule and that he made an active choice to misbehave. While this description may be accurate, it may also be incorrect: Johnny may not have understood what was expected or may have started running without intending to misbehave. Subjective descriptions of behavior can make it difficult for the teacher to effectively understand and address the behavior.  To understand and address the behavior, its extremely important to understand how the behavior  functions.  In other words, by defining behavior in terms of what can clearly be seen, we are able to also examine the antecedents and consequences of the behavior. If we know what happens before and after the behavior, we can better understand what instigates and/or reinforces the behavior. Finally, most student behaviors occur in multiple settings over time. If Jack tends to lose focus in math, hes likely to lose focus in ELA (English Language Arts) as well. If Ellen is acting out in first grade, chances are shell still be acting out (at least to some degree) in second grade. Operational definitions are so specific and objective that they can describe the same behavior in different settings and at different times, even when different people are observing the behavior. How to Create Operational Definitions The operational definition should become part of any data that is collected in order to establish a baseline for measuring behavioral change. This means the data should include metrics (numerical measures). For example, rather than writing Johnny leaves his desk during class without permission, its more useful to write Johnny leaves his desk two to four times per day for ten minutes at a time without permission. The metrics make it possible to determine whether the behavior is improving as a result of interventions. For example, if Johnny is still leaving his desk but now hes only leaving once a day for five minutes at a time, there has been a dramatic improvement. Operational definitions should also be part of the Functional Behavioral Analysis (FBA) and the Behavior Intervention Plan (known as the BIP). If you have checked off behavior in the special considerations section of the Individual Education Program (IEP) you are required by federal law to create these important behavior documents in order to address them.   Operationalizing the definition (determining why it happens and what it accomplishes) will also help you identify the replacement behavior.  When you can operationalize the behavior and identify the function, you can find a behavior that is incompatible with the target behavior, replaces the reinforcement of the target behavior, or cant be done at the same time as the target behavior.   Operational Definition of Behavior Non-operational (subjective) definition:  John blurts out questions in class. Which class? What does he blurt? How often does he blurt? Is he asking questions that relate to the class? Operational  definition, behavior:  John blurts out relevant questions without raising his hand three to five times during each ELA class. Analysis: John is paying attention to the content of the class, as he is asking relevant questions. He is not, however, focusing on the rules of classroom behavior. In addition, if he has quite a few relevant questions, he may be having trouble understanding the ELA content at the level its being taught. It is likely that John could benefit from a refresher on classroom etiquette and some ELA tutoring to be sure he is working at grade level and is in the right class based on his academic profile. Non-operational (subjective) definition:  Jamie throws temper tantrums during recess. Operational  Definition, behavior:  Jamie shouts, cries, or throws objects each time she participates in group activities during recess (three to five times per week).   Analysis: Based on this description, it sounds like Jamie only becomes upset when she is involved with group activities but not when she is playing alone or on playground equipment. This suggests that she may have difficulty in understanding the rules of play or social skills required for group activities, or that someone in the group is intentionally setting her off. A teacher should observe Jamies experience and develop a plan that helps her to build skills and/or changes the situation on the playground. Non-operational (subjective) definition:  Emily will read at the second-grade  level. What does that mean? Can she answer comprehension questions? What kind of comprehension questions?  How many words per minute? Operational Definition, academic: Emily will read a passage of 100 or more words at the 2.2 grade level with 96 percent accuracy. Accuracy in reading is understood  as the number of correctly read words divided by the total number of words. Analysis:  This definition is focused on reading fluency, but not on reading comprehension. A separate definition should be developed for Emilys reading comprehension. By separating these metrics, it will be possible to determine whether Emily is a slow reader with good comprehension, or whether she is having trouble with both fluency and comprehension.

Hazards of Drinking While Driving Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Hazards of Drinking While Driving - Essay Example Due to the several amounts of accidents experienced by drunk drivers, states have taken several measures to counter the issues and to decrease the problems associated with alcohol drinking and to counter alcohol abuse. This report will focus on the consequences that have occurred due to driving under the influence of alcohol and why these consequences occur. Prevalence According to a report provided by WHO, every one accident out of three are a result of driving under the influence of alcohol in the region of European Union (Tobutt 47). WHO reported that a total of 17000 accidents have taken place due to driving under the influence of alcohol and the number of males that have experienced death in these accidents were 15000 and only 2000 females have experienced death due to these accidents (Eurocare, 2013). The European Transport Safety council reported during the year of 2003 that out of all the journeys that take place within European Union, two to three percent of the times, the d river of the vehicle drives under the influence of alcohol (Tobutt 45). The report further stated that the issue is on a rise and the number of drivers driving under alcohol influence is increasing on rapid basis. For example: in the case of Latvia, the number of accident caused due to the issue of drinking and driving stood at 11% of all the road accidents and out of these 11%, 32% accidents were tremendously serious in nature and 39% of these accidents were deadly in nature (Tobutt 46). Loss of life is not only the issue caused due to accidents caused by drunk drivers, property loss is even a major concern of this issue. During the period of 2003, a loss of total of â‚ ¬ 10bn of property loss was experienced as a result of the accidents caused due to driving under the influence of Alcohol (Tobutt 45). During the period of 2007, W.H.O reported that number of accidents taking place due to drinking and driving issue has declined substantially from 34 persons out of a total populat ion of 100,000 as witnessed during the period of 1980 to 20 persons as witnessed during the period of 2004 (Tobutt 42). Loss of Skills Required for Driving According to a review of total of 109 studies conducted by Moskowitz during the period of 2000, people start losing certain amount of skills required for driving as their blood alcohol level increases from zero (Moskowitz 5). During the period of 2002, Solomon reported that skills that are considered essential for driving start experiencing impairment as soon as an individual consumes alcohol (Solomon 2). One of the skills that an individual looses as a result of alcohol consumption is skill of being able to track movements. When an individual is under the influence of only 0.3g/l to 0.5g/l of alcohol, he experiences difficulty in moving his eyes in a voluntary manner and thus experiences the inability to constantly track movement of targets (Moskowitz 10). The skill of being able to track moving objects is very essential in driv ing as drivers are required to track moving objects such as other motor vehicles in order to drive in compliance with the motor vehicles moving ahead and on the back side of the driver’s vehicle. When a driver is under alcohol influence, the alcohol in his system relaxes the muscle that is used to maintain control of the lens of an individual’s eyes. Another issue with those who drink and drive is that they concentrate on one object

Corporation Taxation Foreign Tax Credit Research Paper

Corporation Taxation Foreign Tax Credit - Research Paper Example However, there are four tests which one requires in order to qualify for the foreign tax credit (Rousslang, 1). It follows that foreign tax credit cannot be more than a company’s tax liability multiplied by a certain percentage thus maximum allowable foreign tax credit. Carrying back of the foreign tax credit is a common practice especially when the credit is more than the maximum limit (About.com, 1). It is usually carried to the future or previous year depending on the situation. Credit for Foreign Income Taxes Irs.gov (1) reveals that income tax systems across the world are known to provide credit for similar income taxes that are usually paid to foreign countries. A limitation of credit is usually subjected to the kind of taxes which are of a similar nature to the taxed being credited. There are a number of rules that govern the eligibility of a tax credit. They include basis and nature of the levy; availability of a tax treaty between the two countries; form of payments; political influence; similarity of credit between the two countries; conditions relating to the levy and property or services that accompany the taxes. A typical example is the United States tax system which allows foreign tax credit on the basis of limitations. These limitations are usually in relation to compulsory levies on gross receipts or net income. The countries that require participating in boycotts are not awarded the credit. This exemption also applies to taxes that are subjected to services and goods according to the relevant taxing authority. In the UK, foreign tax credit is allowed on foreign tax similar to corporation tax; subject to limitations (Irs.gov, 1). This... This essay is the best example of comparison tax system of different countries. The United States tax system which allows foreign tax credit on the basis of limitations. These limitations are usually in relation to compulsory levies on gross receipts or net income. The countries that require participating in boycotts are not awarded the credit. This exemption also applies to taxes that are subjected to services and goods according to the relevant taxing authority. In the UK, foreign tax credit is allowed on foreign tax similar to corporation tax; subject to limitations. This situation is provided for in the respective tax treaties. Canada is known to limit the credit by way of deductions in relation to gas or oil businesses. A common observation has been that most tax systems across the world indicate the specific time when a foreign levy is eligible to receive credit. This has to be in accordance to the agreed requirements of the foreign tax credit. Rousslang further reveals that so me tax systems offer credit simply because the tax can be taxed according to the existing domestic tax system. Other systems offer the credit on the basis of the time when the particular foreign item is being subject to income tax requirements. Some tax systems offer credit on the basis of recognition in their financial statements. The government plays a vital role when it comes to developing tax treaties. It is therefore expected that various countries across the world have different methods of approaching this issue.

Identity Conditions for Indicator State Types within Dretskes Theory of :: Psychology Dretske Papers

Identity Conditions for Indicator State Types within Dretske's Theory of Psychological Content Naturalization ABSTRACT: Within the context of Dretske’s theory of psychological content naturalization, as laid out in Explaining Behavior, the concept of an indicator state type plays a pivotal role. Providing a general (and non-circular) description of the identity conditions for being a token of an indicator state type is a prerequisite for the ultimate success of Dretske’s theory. However, Dretske fails to address this topic. Thus, his theory is incomplete. Several different approaches for specifying these identity conditions are possible; however, each is inadequate. Of the various theories for psychological content naturalization put forward within the past two decades, I believe that a Dretske-style approach that explains the content of a mental state in terms of the causal history of past tokens of that state holds out the most promise of giving us a workable theory describing the role that content plays in learned behavior. While I favor this general approach, the particular theory laid out by Dretske in Explaining Behavior has a shortcoming that must be addressed before his theory can be applied to real systems: Dretske fails to provide an analysis of identity conditions for being a token of an indicator state type. The shortcoming is serious because of the critical role that past tokens of an indicator type play in fixing the content of a current token of the indicator type — without identity conditions, there is no way to specify which previously tokened states among the many that have been instantiated during the learning period of the organism are of that indicator type. I begin with a very brief review of Dretske's theory from Explaining Behavior. Some organisms possess indicator states (i.e., internal states that indicate whether some external conditions hold). For example, organism O may token an instance of I (the internal indicator state type) whenever external conditions F obtain. Prior to learning, I indicates F does not mean F. Let's suppose that external conditions F are relevant in some manner to O's continued functioning, perhaps because environments in which F obtains are environments that are relatively inhospitable for O. Let's also suppose that O is capable of learning using reinforcement information (via operant conditioning), such that future tokenings of I come to cause movements that are appropriate to conditions F. (My use the evaluative term "appropriate" here rests on two assumptions: (1)

Physical Environment in Early Civilizaitons Essay

Although Mesopotamia , Egypt, and The Indus Valley share a lot of physical environments in the development of early civilization, there are minor differences in cultural, agricultural, and social structures. Different civilization are depended on their traits; For example, certain agricultural, political, environmental, and social; Filled with sophisticated monuments, certain trade routes, and how early humans survive. First, Every civilization is different. Relating to document 1 (Excerpt from the story of Gilgamesh) the civilizations are depended on the traits like cities as administrator , a political system based on defined territory rather than kinship. Many people engaged in specialized, non-food-production activities, states distinctions baed largely on accumulation of wealth, monumental buildings, a system for keeping permanent records, long-distance trade, and finally sophisticated interest in science and art. The physical environment that connects to the development of early civilization is the monument building, and mostly trades, every civilization has an origin. For Gilgamesh – in Mesopotamia , there was very slow development of farming, but the trades did not end just because the development of product is slow , Gilgamesh trade are mostly to Egypt through the Nile River, trades makes the civilization powerful and forms an organized culture . According to document 3 (Reed Huts in the Marshes of Southern Iraq .photo. p.15) – it is showing the river banks and swampy lands at the head of the Persian Gulf, it was used for antiquity , mostly when trades happen floods arise people constantly creating new technology to prevent it. Based on the article in document 4 (Violence and Order in the Babylonian New Year’s Festival on page 20), every human development celebrates their largest and most important festival is that of the New Year, which falls in the Babylonian month of Nisan and coincides with the Spring Equinox. This was essentially a celebration of revival, the promise of fertility in the renewed cycles of the seasons. Even though it is a celebration. In this festival violence gets involved, in the early days during the festival , after relating the origins of the gods from mating . It is a myth that tells us how Tiamat gathered an army of old gods and monsters to destroy the younger generation of gods. Every civilization has its own language and the way it communicates . As seen in document 5 (Mesopotamian Cylinder Seal p.22) It is a picture of the Mesopotamian Cylinder seal, it is often used for legal documents or the identity of an individual , it is made out of wet clay. This particular seal symbolizes to those who attributes fertility and war, they are indicated by the date cluster in the hand, also an knife, it is cutting away out of the mountain and sunrising. As all of these information said above we can tell that civilizations can be economic ,agricultural and so on an so fourth. Second, The Indus Valley and the physical environment in the development of early civilizations of Indus Valley. In document 2( River -Valley civilization, 3500-1500 B.C.E p.13). It is a picture of Indus Valley map , including the river which can be used as trade routes. It shows that it was very convoluted . There is numerous parts where it is indicated green -as in the Extent of trading contacts. In bonding relevance to the document 7( Mud-brick Fortification wall of the citadel at Harappa photo.32). It is built upon a very elevated high-rise and massive amount of man-hours of labor; the fortification wall, it is for massive radical climate changes, also tolerant of dry conditions, the stabilization of sand dunes; Sometimes heavy rainfall comes once in a while. It is made for the changes of the landscape caused by shifts and courses of rivers. The Indus Valley cities were abandoned sometime after 1900 B.C.E. Civilizations like Indus valley isn’t so proficiently. They suffered something called â€Å"System Failure† -A breakdown of interrelationship of political, social and environment. Today, in recent study brings to the end that today, the Indus Valley is played important role in the life and decay of the Indus civilization. Egypt, it became a country when small villages and groups began forming along the Nile, then between 3900 and 3100BCE. Two particular villages that grew into power, were Upper and Lower Egypt. For example showing a map of Egypt. It is the great Egypt map(document 6: Map 1.4 Ancient Egypt) – indicating the well known Nile River, flowing south to north . This is a great physical development for the Egyptian, since in the view of the fact that the Nile River is such an extraordinary advantage ; Everything depended on the river in ancient times as it still does today to a large extent. It is simply Egypt’s lifeblood. Even with all the modern progress attributed to today. All inclusive, the physical environment of the three civilizations was similar but differ at some point . One country’s civilization can cause good or evil economically , socially, environmentally, or physically. It can change big about the country and that in this world every country has a civilization, but some might be in form of developing unhurried, downtempo, but some might be rapid, however it will all in due course lead to a human development.

Subverting the Conventional Combining Genre in Kellys...

Subverting the Conventional: Combining Genre in Kellys Donnie Darko While planning an evening at the cinema, individuals do not discuss the specific guidelines of genre while deciding the film of choice. A reason for seeing a Western is never because the genre has evolved from primarily racist films involving cowboys and Indians to movies that vindicate Indians and work toward demythologizing the old West. Similarly, broad generalizations of genre are constantly used to categorize film. Courtship-Romance Musicals or Rock Operas are often shuffled into the generic class of Musical, while the 1930’s films of Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers, examples of Courtship-Romance Musicals, are in contrast to such films as Tommy or Jesus Christ†¦show more content†¦Leo Braudy and Marshall Cohen explore the principles of genre in their book Film Theory and Criticism. Braudy and Cohen write that the most common criticism is that, †Genre art†¦ can never reach the heights of greatness because its creators are too tied to artistic precede nts and are therefore not ‘original’†(607). Restrictions of genre destroy the individual artist or what is known as the â€Å"auteur† in film. Creativity and uniqueness is sacrificed for conformity in narrative, production, and societal issues. According to this criticism, genre films cannot be considered works of art and directors are not artists, but mere pawns of the studio system. Another concern of theorists is how to precisely categorize genre when it is continually evolving. Braudy and Cohen write that, â€Å"The generic approach to art [genre] has frequently been attacked, however, for its terms are often imprecise and its methods of categorization unclear†(607). Presently, the most accepted form of categorizing genre is between fictional narratives, such as Gangster films or War films. However, there are other possible ways of labeling movies including physical properties (silent, color) or purpose and effect (comic, educational). Further problems arise when attempting to distinguish characteristics between genres of fictional narratives. What are the specific differences between an Anarchic Comedy and a Black Comedy? There are characteristics that can be found